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| Python 3.6.5 Documentation > Generic Operating System Services
Generic Operating System Services The modules described in this chapter provide interfaces to operating * "os" — Miscellaneous operating system interfaces * File Names, Command Line Arguments, and Environment Variables * Process Parameters * File Object Creation * File Descriptor Operations * Querying the size of a terminal * Inheritance of File Descriptors * Files and Directories * Linux extended attributes * Process Management * Interface to the scheduler * Miscellaneous System Information * Random numbers * "io" — Core tools for working with streams * Overview * Text I/O * Binary I/O * Raw I/O * High-level Module Interface * In-memory streams * Class hierarchy * I/O Base Classes * Raw File I/O * Buffered Streams * Text I/O * Performance * Binary I/O * Text I/O * Multi-threading * Reentrancy * "time" — Time access and conversions * Functions * Clock ID Constants * Timezone Constants * "argparse" — Parser for command-line options, arguments and sub- * Example * Creating a parser * Adding arguments * Parsing arguments * ArgumentParser objects * prog * usage * description * epilog * parents * formatter_class * prefix_chars * fromfile_prefix_chars * argument_default * allow_abbrev * conflict_handler * add_help * The add_argument() method * name or flags * action * nargs * const * default * type * choices * required * help * metavar * dest * Action classes * The parse_args() method * Option value syntax * Invalid arguments * Arguments containing "-" * Argument abbreviations (prefix matching) * Beyond "sys.argv" * The Namespace object * Other utilities * Sub-commands * FileType objects * Argument groups * Mutual exclusion * Parser defaults * Printing help * Partial parsing * Customizing file parsing * Exiting methods * Upgrading optparse code * "getopt" — C-style parser for command line options * "logging" — Logging facility for Python * Logger Objects * Logging Levels * Handler Objects * Formatter Objects * Filter Objects * LogRecord Objects * LogRecord attributes * LoggerAdapter Objects * Thread Safety * Module-Level Functions * Module-Level Attributes * Integration with the warnings module * "logging.config" — Logging configuration * Configuration functions * Configuration dictionary schema * Dictionary Schema Details * Incremental Configuration * Object connections * User-defined objects * Access to external objects * Access to internal objects * Import resolution and custom importers * Configuration file format * "logging.handlers" — Logging handlers * StreamHandler * FileHandler * NullHandler * WatchedFileHandler * BaseRotatingHandler * RotatingFileHandler * TimedRotatingFileHandler * SocketHandler * DatagramHandler * SysLogHandler * NTEventLogHandler * SMTPHandler * MemoryHandler * HTTPHandler * QueueHandler * QueueListener * "getpass" — Portable password input * "curses" — Terminal handling for character-cell displays * Functions * Window Objects * Constants * "curses.textpad" — Text input widget for curses programs * Textbox objects * "curses.ascii" — Utilities for ASCII characters * "curses.panel" — A panel stack extension for curses * Functions * Panel Objects * "platform" — Access to underlying platform’s identifying data * Cross Platform * Java Platform * Windows Platform * Win95/98 specific * Mac OS Platform * Unix Platforms * "errno" — Standard errno system symbols * "ctypes" — A foreign function library for Python * ctypes tutorial * Loading dynamic link libraries * Accessing functions from loaded dlls * Calling functions * Fundamental data types * Calling functions, continued * Calling functions with your own custom data types * Specifying the required argument types (function prototypes) * Return types * Passing pointers (or: passing parameters by reference) * Structures and unions * Structure/union alignment and byte order * Bit fields in structures and unions * Arrays * Pointers * Type conversions * Incomplete Types * Callback functions * Accessing values exported from dlls * Surprises * Variable-sized data types * ctypes reference * Finding shared libraries * Loading shared libraries * Foreign functions * Function prototypes * Utility functions * Data types * Fundamental data types * Structured data types * Arrays and pointers |
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